The Resignation of President Richard Nixon Essay - 1371 Words

Legal Brief/Background During the year of 1972, a case submerged that shook the United State Supreme Court, as well as the world. Five intruders were caught breaking and entering into the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. The Democratic National Headquarters were responsible for various things, but one key aspect of their job was to raise money and organize campaigns for Democratic candidates, including the presidential candidate, George McGovern. Soon, word came out that those five intruders were tied to the White House; which at the time, occupied by Richard Nixon, who was a part of the Republican Party. Not long after being caught, Investigators discovered that Nixon and the intruders were†¦show more content†¦Nixon’s attorneys argued that Nixon had the right to not give up the recordings due the executive privilege right. They argued that the tapes were confidential and no one had a right to view them. The court disagree d with Nixon and decided that the executive privilege power wasn’t enough to keep the tapes out the supreme courts hands. This meant that Nixon had to comply with the subpoena and release the recordings. Not even three weeks later, the Supreme Court reached a unanimous vote. The court discovered that Jaworski had found enough information that the recordings were indeed relevant to the break in. The Court then decided to reject Nixon’s claim of executive privilege. Soon after the decision, Nixon resigned. This landmark supreme court case is known as the Watergate Scandal. This case is such a landmark in Supreme Court case studies because it showed that the president doesn’t receive special privilege because of his title. He is not insusceptible from judicial process, and must obey the court and give up any evidence subpoenaed by the courts. Although the doctrine of executive privilege recognizes the presidents’ great degree of privacy from the courts; if the evidence involves matters of national security or other sensitive information, the president cannot withhold evidence. The Case Study â€Å"Neither separation of powers, nor the need for confidentiality can sustain unqualifiedShow MoreRelated The Watergate Scandal and the Resignation of President Richard Nixon1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Watergate Scandal and the Resignation of President Richard Nixon The Watergate Scandal and crisis that rocked the United States began on the early morning of June 17, 1972 with a small-scale burglary and it ended August 9, 1974 with the resignation of Republican President Richard Milhous Nixon. At approximately 2:30 in the morning of June 17, 1972, five burglars were discovered inside the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate office building in Washington DC. The burglars,Read MoreDean Foods952 Words   |  4 Pages1 Nixon and the Watergate Scandal Adrian Tillman HIS/145 the American Experience After 1945 January 5, 2012 Dr. Bernnell Peltier 2 Nixon and the Watergate Scandal In 1968 Richard Nixon became the 37th President of the United States of America. Only serving one full term, he alsoRead MoreWatergate740 Words   |  3 PagesWatergate Lucia San Nicolas HIS/145 October 19, 2011 Marciano Flores Watergate The Watergate scandal shocked millions of Americans when it was revealed in 1972. The president at that time was Richard M. Nixon, who himself was involved within the scandal. The Watergate scandal took place in 1972 when a group of five men broke into the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington. The five men involved in this burglary were eventuallyRead MoreRichard Nixon s Political Career And General American Government864 Words   |  4 Pagesthe thirty-seventh president, the first president born in California. Richard Millhouse Nixon was born January 9, 1913 he who would eventually contribute to politics throughout his career. Nixon to most people takes recognition for his negative contributions specifically as a participant of the Watergate scandal. These involvements tend to overlook his entire political career that exists today at the Richard Nixon Library. However, with all the negativity surrounded around Nixon, events exist to furtherRead MoreWatergate Scandal790 Words   |  4 PagesIt was suggested that the President had tried to repair the damages that were caused the Watergate scandal in the first article. From a speech President Nixon had given, it showed that there were a lot things that still needed to be done regarding the scandal. The article stated that the officials under the Watergate scandal were cheating, lying and engaging in illegal activities while in high positions of the government. The people believed that the president did not stand up to the crisis andRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal Of The United States1172 Words   |  5 PagesNegligent Nixon: The Watergate Scandal The President of the United States is one of the most coveted, but difficult positions to obtain in the world. Every four years a new leader is elected to uphold the supreme laws of the land that make up our constitution. The president is sworn into office on their inaugural day in January where they are sworn to faithfully execute and support all laws in the constitution, delegate international matters, and be an advocate for the people. As the new leader ofRead More Nixon: A Presidential Unraveling1547 Words   |  7 Pagesevents, the first resignation of a President, conviction and imprisonment of twenty-five officials within the Nixon administration, and undoubtedly the most severe constitutional crisis in recent history. In November of 1968, Richard Nixon claims the presidency for the Republicans in one of the closest elections in U.S. history. His election to office was bolstered by the middle-class population who were fed up with the liberal politics practiced by the Democrats. Ironically, Nixon choice of appointmentsRead MorePresident Nixon : A Speech By President Of The President1395 Words   |  6 Pages A Speech by the President for the President Danica Adoc California State University, Bakersfield A Speech by the President for the President A speech is often used to deliver information to an audience. 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Throughout history it has been proven that this creates a problem. For example, Richard Nixon and the Watergate scandal is similar to the scandal with Father Flynn in Doubt. Doubt, by John Patrick Shanley, exemplifies an underlying message that unquestioned faith leads to abuse of power. Specifically, shown in Father Flynn’s reputation, cover up, and resignation, which all correlate to Richard Nixon’s Watergate Scandal. A reputation can be so well established that if one person in power

Why the French Revolution Took Place Essay - 676 Words

The French Revolution was a period in history of France covering the years 1789-1799, in which the monarchy was overthrown by the people that were dissatisfied with how the king and queen was running the country. According to The War Times Journal, â€Å"The era itself can be split into two periods; The French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Empire. The Revolution and ensuing republic saw the toppling of the old French monarchy and its replacement by a series of sporadically violent civilian administrations. At the peak of the violent period, known as The Terror, the former king and queen were cruelly put to death. This act galvanized the other nations of Europe against France, and guaranteed that no matter what improvements might be made†¦show more content†¦The best results of the French Revolution were probably achieved in 1789-91, when land was freed from customary burdens and the old society was destroyed. In Christopher Hibbett’s book, The Days of the French Rev olution(pgs. 30-31) he talks about â€Å"the poverty of many and the grievences of nearly all French peasants were much aggravated by their liability, and also how that even though the priest were poor the church was rich and powerful. They paid no taxes, voluntarily contributing instead a grant to the state every five years, and as the amount of this grant was decided in the quinquennial church assemblies, the clergy was able to exercise a considerable influence over the policies of the government.† Napoleon played a role in the revolution because he came in and helped France get on their feet and brought in a new government. In eyes up unto his death saw himself as the man who completed the revolution. In the end due to the revolution France was able to come out of its bankruptcy with the formation of the Bank of France, taxes were fairer and used for the good of the public, money was used to build parks, libraries, and etc. A strong and effective government was installed. Democracy was achieved; education was important and usually free. It became a strong and feared country. In conclusion, the French Revolution began due to the fact the poor was unhappy with the monarchy so they sought out to over throw them and on JanuaryShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between the French and American Revolutions1362 Words   |  6 Pagesthe American and French Revolutions Sometimes a revolution can take place within a country against its own current state of government, other times a revolution can take place externally to rid a country of another countrys influence. There are many components that are involved in a revolution taking place. One must consider the causes or reasons of the situation, the events that occur during the revolution and the effects or aftermath that had been created by that revolution. There were majorRead MoreEnlightenment During The French Revolution1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution: Two of the Greatest Eras Working Together Without Knowing Molly Dauk Honors World History Mrs. Bartosik May 5, 2017 The Enlightenment and the French Revolution, two of the most enriched periods of history, probably never to be left out of the history books. The French Revolution was influenced greatly by the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment period took place over about three-hundred years, whereas the French Revolution took place for only ten years. The French RevolutionRead MoreThe Third Estate Prior to the French Revolution1111 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Sieyes in 1789, right before the French revolution. This Third Estate had goals of gaining freedoms that the other â€Å"estates† had at the time. 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With this pack of deception Napoleon set the people ofRead MoreEnlightenment Ideas And Causes Of The French Revolution988 Words   |  4 PagesFrench Revolution The kingdom of France was ruled by an Ancient Rà ©gime of the Monarchy, the clergy and the nobility for centuries and centuries. During the XVIII there was a lot of inequality between the moneyed and powerful clergy and the commoners. All the inequality of the time caused the French Revolution, a period in which the people gave an end the absolute monarchy and took control of the Government. There were two main reasons the French Revolution started; the Enlightenment Ideas and theRead MoreThe French Revolution Of France1365 Words   |  6 PagesModern historians frequently write that the French Revolution was designed to destroy the Old Regime of France. Though the French Revolution did destroy this regime, its leaders’ ultimate goal was to obliterate the Catholic Church in France and the faithful within it. Before the beginning of the revolution, France had the most widespread culture in the entire world. From its fine arts, stylishness, clothing, and language, everything t hat was popular in France was also prevalent all over the worldRead MoreMain Causes Of The French Revolution996 Words   |  4 PagesThe commencement of the French Revolution arranged the country of France being at the brink of bankruptcy. Causes for this brink are easily seen. King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, lavished money on themselves and residences such as Versailles. Queen Marie especially, over spending money and was seen as a wasteful spender. The government, found that funds were depleting due to wars in the same manner as the funding for the American Revolution. Deficit spending, a government spending moreRead MoreDeclaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in the French Revolution1101 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant document of the French Revolution. The National Assembly passed it on August 6, 1789. The Declaration presents the idea of inalienable rights of humans regardless of social status or privilege. It, along with support of the majority of France, was instrumental in putting an end to the Ancien Regime. The Ancien Regime was the old order matriarchal way, and the people of France were tired of the control this absolute monarchy had over them. The French Revolution was a turning point in EuropeanRead MoreSlaves During The Civil Revolution995 Words   |  4 PagesSlaves in Saint Domingue Haitian Revolution is one of the most successful slave revolts in the History of African Slavery. The slaves in this territory didn t just free their lives from slavery but they also had taken away control of French colony which was known at time as Saint Dominigue. Saint Domingue was the top sugar producing island at this time thanks to slave labor. Slaves were the reason why the French Colony was so prosperous in the first place. At this time Saint Domingue soon to beRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1395 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 29 September 2014 The French Revolution Some do not know what the real cause of the French Revolution was. There are many considerable factors, yet none of them have been pinned down as the true reason (SparkNote Editors). The French Revolution started as a rebellion for equality, but eventually turned out to be more and show the problems throughout the French government. As said before, there is no exact reasoning behind the French Revolution. but there are many possible factors

Management Styles and Individual Cultural Value †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Styles and Individual Cultural Value. Answer: Introduction: The personality instrument used is Myers Briggs Type indicator (MBTI) is a measure of trait, ability and character of an individual (Yang, Richard Durkin, 2016). The main purpose of this instrument is to make the awareness of the type theory attainable to individuals as well as groups. However, from this personality instrument the management style that is suitable for me as one of the team members is the participative or the democratic style. This style has the main aim in constructing commitment and oneness among the employees. This type of management style mainly makes a person feel that everyone in the team should have an input. He motivates every other to give some input in the decision-making policies of the organization. Lastly, this type of individuals usually encourages the efforts of the team members by rewarding them (Yu, Fang Wang, 2016). However, this type of management style is effective when team members work together; they have experience as well as integrity and wh en a stable working environment is maintained. The positive attributes that are high in me is of achiever, balanced, adaptable, ambitious, communicative, cooperative, good listener, focused, and understanding. While on the other hand the negative attributes of mine are aloof, fussy, impatient, intolerant and stubborn. Both the positive and negative attributes can deeply have an impact on the team performance because the positive attributes will always help in enhancing the performance of the members and in a whole the performance of the team. Positive attributes always motivates the employees to give their best performances and have a healthy competitions among their teammates. It also uplifts creativity because they know that their ideas will be contributed towards organizations success. On the other hand, the negative attributes will build distrust among the employees followed by restricting creativity. It will further guide the organization towards turnover and a major loss of sk illed employees (Lee et al., 2017). Management styles vary from a very autocratic style to extremely democratic style. However, for different organizational culture the management styles differs as in some styles of management is better for those workplace environments where the teamwork needs to get encouraged (Olmedo-Cifuentes Martnez-Len, 2014). Thus, different management style has different effects on team decisions as well. The differences in management style in team decision is as follows- Autocratic- In this type of management style the manager or the higher authority leader takes the important decisions in the organization all by himself and never consider the words of their employees. This is thus, a single-minded approach with an individualistic model of activities in the organization taken for autocratic style. Because of this controlling nature, the employees face with low morale and not at all fit for motivating team decisions as one person takes the decisions. Coaching- This style is better than autocratic style of management here the primary goal is to make the staffs development. Thus, management puts emphasis on training, analyzing and coaching their staffs towards the best performance (Smith, 2017). Thus, in team decision making it contributes, as a drive to more one to one mindset and does not always oppose the team members. Democratic- This management style is one where all the employees have their contributions in the team decision for which the staffs are very much involved and feel an important part of the companys broader goal (Mohiuddin, 2017). Affiliative- The main objective in this management style is developing a balanced team in the organizational culture. The risk factor in this type of management style is individual accountability. The manager however, encouraged a communicative and harmonious work team. Therefore, the best management style would be to mix coaching style or any other developmental management style with this affliliative style of management. The engine of a team is the personality of the individuals with whom a team is build up; personality is the one, which binds the team members together. However, the composition of the team, their demands as well as the needs for being successful is solely depending on the employees (Orhan, Rijsman Van Dijk, 2016). Therefore, the individuals need to work together and engage among each other to have a successful team. Working with a group of people can be exciting as well as challenging. Individuals personality however plays a very important role in the success of a team, the following personality types are essential to make to have a positive effect on the success of the team in any organization- The person will leadership qualities are those who have powerful communicating skills, a transparent vision of where he wants to take the organization along with the other teammatesand the one who has the ability to encourage others. This personality type of employees will help in delegating work and leading the team forward by letting go all the restrains. The next personality type is of a team player who has been found to be defined by their eagerness to work altogether for a typical goal of the organization. Then comes the personality type of a researcher who asks several questions and then search the answer by him. This type of team members are visited by all to clear their doubts and get fastest best resources. Then there is the expert personality type who has a huge knowledge of the work and the company he is in. Planner personality type is the one who are always found to be self-motivated in the team and thus they help in dedicating a decision for the betterment of the company so that they can gain popularity. The creative personality type affects the team success by supplying fresh and authentic solutions to their team and making their team stand out high from the crowd. Personality preferences can be defined as categorizing an individuals tendencies, which are natural (Sritharan Ragel, 2016). However, from the personality type assessment four pairs of opposite preferences have been listed which are found to have an impact on the team members to carry out their task. Extraversion vs. Introversion- Extroverts has a strong verbal and assertive communication style that helps them in talk in order to think about any task. Individuals with this type of personality preference are energetic, sociable and lively. On the other hand, introverts face issues in working in a large group. They are mainly good listeners and think carefully before taking any decisions (Yang, Richard Durkin, 2016). Sensing vs. Intuition- People with high Sensing personality preferences are very much focused as well as concrete and literal thinkers. They mainly do their task based on the value realism as well as common sense. Moreover, they like implicating their ideas practically while doing a task. On the contrast intuitive people finds it interesting to collect the knowledge by reading in-depth about it. They are capable of visualizing a broader picture of the task they are given and thus are very much systematic. Thinking vs. Feeling- Thinking people while doing a task takes the decision that is based on the facts. They use their brains and never are carried away by their emotions thus; they support truth and easilyrecognize flaws. Whereas Feeling people when doing a task makes their decisions that are very much reliable on the principles and values. Thus, they believe in pleasing others to be appreciated. Judging vs. Perceiving- People with judging preference personality is seen to value order as well as the company. They are well structured and arranged. This type of people finds satisfaction in completing tasks and seeking closure. Perceivers on the other hand, enjoy starting a new job rather than completing it. Apart from money, people as a team do get motivated from other factors as well. However, majority of the reasons for employees being demotivated can be controlled even though maximum of the managers or companies like to hear that the real cause of turnover is for money but that is not the ultimate cause (Wombacher Felfe, 2016). Therefore, the five important factors that need to be considered in motivating the team to perform understanding the personalities are as follows- Communication- A major motivating factors that need the foremost consideration is a two-way communication between the employees and the managers. This communication must be transparent and wise and must involve established discussion of the organizational problems. Opportunities- The teams must get adequate opportunities where they can show how well they can utilize their skills in grasping the opportunities. Through appropriate opportunities, employees can be held answerable in going through their usual learning plans. Control over their tasks- The teams must be given the responsibilities. They must feel that they are trusted and by feeling that they can involve themselves more in the given tasks and shape their way accordingly. Rewards and Acknowledgement- Teams must have a clear idea about what their rewards will be for appreciating their efforts. Rewards must be equal for all employees so that they can gain equal amount of benefits through their performance. Challenging and Inspiring work- The job for which the teams are working must be exciting and challenging to get them motivated all the time. If the work is monotonous, then the team will lose interest and thus that will be reflected in their performance. However, to avoid that team members must be checked from time to time that every member is following a challenge plan or not and is occasionally ask to evaluate their intensity of job excitement. References Lee, T. W., Hom, P. W., Eberly, M. B., Li, J. J., Mitchell, T. R. (2017). On the next decade of research in voluntary employee turnover.The Academy of Management Perspectives,31(3), 201-221. Mohiuddin, Z. A. (2017). Influence of Leadership Style on Employees performance: Evidence from Literatures.Journal of Marketing and Management,8(1), 18. Obolensky, M. N. (2014).Complex adaptive leadership: Embracing paradox and uncertainty. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Olmedo-Cifuentes, I., Martnez-Len, I. M. (2014). Influence of management style on employee views of corporate reputation. Application to audit firms.BRQ Business Research Quarterly,17(4), 223-241. Orhan, M. A., Rijsman, J. B., Van Dijk, G. M. (2016). Invisible, therefore isolated: comparative effects of team virtuality with task virtuality on workplace isolation and work outcomes.Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,32(2), 109-122. Smith, S. (2017). Using a blended style of coaching.International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring,15(1), 65. Sritharan, S., Ragel, V. R. (2016). Identifying the Personality Preference Across Faculties and Demographic Factors: Myers-Briggs Personality Profiles of Academics of Eastern University, Sri Lanka.IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior,15(2), 56. Wombacher, J., Felfe, J. (2016). The interplay of team and organizational commitment in managing intergroup conflict in the organization.Academy of Management Journal. Yang, C., Richard, G., Durkin, M. (2016). The association between Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Psychiatry as the specialty choice.International journal of medical education,7, 48. Yu, P. L., Fang, S. C., Wang, Y. L. (2016). Improving IT professionals job skills development: The use of management styles and individual cultural value orientation.Asia Pacific Management Review,21(2), 63-73.

Strategic Recommendation for AOL Time Warner

AOL Time Warner represents two industries; this organization is an Internet service provider (ISP) and media company at the same time. It is possible to apply Porter’s model of Five Forces to this organization. First, the threat of new entrants is quite significant, especially if we take into account the growing number of small ISPs in the US and Europe.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Recommendation for AOL Time Warner specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, as a media company, AOL Time Warner operates in a very consolidated industry in which start-up costs are very high. So, from this point of view, the threat of new entrants is low. The second issue is the bargaining power of customers. Overall, it is very strong because the ISP market is full of various companies trying to create new offerings to the clients. These companies can compete in terms of price and variety of services. The third aspect is the threat of substitute products. The management of this organization should pay its attention free ISPs which offer customers access to such resources like chat rooms, newsgroups, and so forth. However, this threat is not significant. In turn, media products offered by AOL Time Warner can hardly be substituted because they are highly differentiated. It is also important to discuss the bargaining power of suppliers, namely music recording companies, film studios, magazines, newspapers, etc. One can argue that their power is quite limited because many of them are incorporated into the structure of AOL Time Warner. The final aspect of Porter’s Model is the intensity of competition. As it has been said before, there are two types of rivals, Internet service providers and media companies. These organizations attempt to gain advantage by means of price differentiation and innovation. Overall, competition in these two industries is very intense. Among the main strengths of AOL Time Warner one can single out a large base of subscribers and potential customers, international media presence of this organization, and most importantly, the diversity of multimedia products that they can market to the customers. For instance, they can offer music, television programs, films, press, and so forth. Yet, this merger also has some significant weaknesses, namely the differences between organizational cultures of two companies as well as leadership styles. Besides, the size of this company can make it very difficult for them to react quickly to the changes in the industry and economy. In order to establish a new culture that can fit both AOL and Time Warner, the management will have to spend years. Additionally, we need to speak about the opportunities that AOL Time Warner has.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, it is possible to me ntion the increasing popularity of online subscriptions to magazines or other type of media and growing number of Internet users throughout the world. There are also some threats which cannot be overlooked, namely the increasing number of free Internet service providers (ISP). Yet, the most significant problem is the absence of mechanisms which can protect media content on the Internet. At this point, the management of this organization has to develop methods of marketing their products to the subscribers. The main problem is that modern Internet users have an opportunity for content-sharing and it is rather difficult to prohibit such practices. To resolve this issue the company should take several steps. First, they need to create a single platform that will allow the subscribers to purchase media products of AOL Time Warner at a reasonable price. To some extent, this platform may resemble a Web-based store that will sell music, films, television programs, magazines, and so forth. The second step is to make sure that there is no illegal distribution of these products on the Internet. This strategy will result in significant marketing costs, but it will also ensure a constant source of revenue for this corporation. This report on Strategic Recommendation for AOL Time Warner was written and submitted by user Daisy Yates to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Canadian Federalism Threatened essays

Canadian Federalism Threatened essays The Issues of Quebec Nationalism and Regionalism The Issues of Quebec Nationalism and Regionalism When it was it first conceived in 1867, Canada was founded as a state that would create a government structure based on federalism. Federalism is defined as: A political system in which legislative power is distributed between a national, central, or federal legislature and a level of state or provincial legislatures. The relationship between the two different governments in Canada is characterized by a National government in Ottawa and 10 Provincial governments across the country. Federalism is also characterized in Canada by the constant problems that plague Canadian federalism. Major problems of Canadian federalism (defining the authority structure, drawing out responsibilities, control over spending and raising revenues, outlining standards, and a growing threat of the country splitting up), are among countless other minor problems. However, these problems are all attributed to the fundamental problem of Canadian federalism: the conflict between central Canada and the periphe ral regions. In order to trace the fundamental problem of Canadian federalism, it is important to first define what is central Canada and to note that the problem of federalism is both regionalist and nationalist in nature. Central Canada is comprised of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, but more specifically always includes the national government in Ottawa and its preference to these two provinces. The problem of Canadian federalism is regionalist in nature in that it pits the peripheral regions against central Canada: All of the non-central provinces have grievances with Central Canada and its governments in Ottawa, Ontario and Quebec. It is also nationalist in nature in that although Quebec makes up part of Central Canada, Quebec presents the problem of nationalism to Canadian federalism. Throughout Can...

How to Write an Economics Essay

How to Write an Economics Essay How to Write an Economics Essay Writing a good essay in economics is usually vital given its importance, and the fact that economics is a mandatory subject that is taught in most business courses. Writing an economics essay is likely to be integrated into most examinations, projects or even assignments. For one to produce a very efficient and quality economics essay there are some procedures and guidelines that must be followed. First and foremost, the instructions for the topic must be read attentively and carefully. This is to understand what the question is asking and what the examiner wishes the writer to write or produce in the final draft. This is followed by identification of the relevant topic in question. A good Economics essay cannot be functional if the writer does not understand the topic of origin. Also note that every topic has its own technical terms to be used when writing your economics essay. The next step is checking and determining the time allocated for the questions. This is to enable the writer to produce the essay in a timely manner. It is notable that most essays have a time length or time span for presentation. Therefore, a writer who wishes to write this kind of essay must be able to plan and budget for the time allocated in order to produce a valid economics essay. The word count or number of pages must also be checked and adhered to, if there are any stipulations for essay length. The writer has a duty not to produce a very short or a very long essay given that very long essays might lose the meaning attached to it due to its length. At the same time, very short essays might also distort the theme as it might limit the number of facts one can mention about the topic. The relevant economic models must be well noted to integrate all the required definitions. Economic essays should have particular theories of economy, in line with their assumptions, as well as diagrams to show flow of information from one model to another one. In economics, theories, diagrams and some specified assumptions are vital in exhibiting the kind of economic model in application. Moreover, in some cases, for one to produce a very good economics essay there is a need to apply relevant case studies to highlight the essay. Case studies in economics essay are as important as the models and diagrams being used. Notably, a good economics essay must be able to integrate the use of well-labeled diagrams, well-defined theories, and effectively drawn assumptions, plus case studies to effectively discuss the topic and prompt the examiner to give you a good grade. Get professional Economics essay help from paper experts at writing service. We write quality custom essays on any Economics related topics!

Law and Practice of International Organizations Research Paper

Law and Practice of International Organizations - Research Paper Example This is a classic opinion which reflects the intention that the Assembly is merely a parliamentary advisory body with the binding decisions being taken by the Security Council. The GA is characterized an international forum and the meeting of the Member states. As a general rule, GA does not have the power to legislate and its resolutions cannot have the binding effect of laws which are enacted by the national parliament. The resolutions do not have a legal and binding effect and does not create a legal or moral obligation among member states. However, recommendations from the Member states can address important issues of global concern and foster cooperation among states. Malanczuk and Akehurst (1997 p. 53) has concluded that the International Court of Justice in the Nicaragua case has ruled that resolutions of international organizations as a source of law. However, a resolution passed in a meeting of international organization is never conclusive as evidence of customary law. Thus , the mere statement of what a law is supposed to be is not sufficient in evidence, but nothing more an attempt on the part of the states to clarify their position. GA resolutions, even if they may not be binding have a normative value, which means that in certain circumstances, they provide important evidence in establishing the existence of a rule or the emergence of opinion juris. It is necessary to look at the content and the conditions of its adoption to weigh its normative character. These resolutions of international organizations are sometimes known as the â€Å"soft law†, in the sense that the guideline of conduct are not strictly binding norms of law and operate in a grey zone between law and politics, which lack a legally binding quality( Malanczuk and Akehurst, 1997 p. 53). Therefore, the client is not expected to follow the resolution issued by the UN General Assembly because it does not create a legal obligation to the client. The client will also not be subject ed to any sanction even if it complies with its contract with Israel because the resolution issued by the Assembly is merely recommendatory and generally has no legal and binding effect. Hambro (1977, p.250) reported that there is a fundamental difference between the decisions made by the SC which are binding on all member States, while recommendations made by GA are not binding on the states per se, except to those states which have accepted them. However, Dugard, Bethlehem and Du Plessis (1997. P. 34) suggested than an accumulation of resolutions, a repetition of recommendations on a particular subject, may amount to evidence of collective practice on the part of the States. However, the answer will still be different if the arms embargo to Israel was ordered by the Security Council on the basis of Article 41 of the Charter. In this case, I will advise the client to obey and follow the order of arms embargo of the SC to avoid being sanctioned. â€Å"Unlike the UN General Assembly , the Security Council has the competence to adopt resolutions under Articles 24 and 25 of the UN Charter which is binding among all Member States of the organization†(Shaw, 2008, p 116). Therefore, it is mandatory upon the client to strictly follow the resolution of the Security Council. Shaw (2008, p. 411) has concluded in his report that a person who commits a crime within the jurisdiction

Ethics of public health policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics of public health policies - Essay Example whether the government can supplant an individual decisions and choices on his health care and to what extent this intrusion is warranted or allowed. Quoting the Supreme Court’s Jacobson v Massachusetts ruling in 1905 that restraints on an individual’s liberty are necessary for the public common good, Buchanan (2008) asserts that paternalism is relied upon by public health professionals to justify policy and administration of programmes that usurp individual choice. Dworkin’s definition of paternalism as intervention in an individual decision making liberty for welfare purposes is in line with Blacksher’s (2014) finding that healthcare programmes can be enforced by reward or coercion and is intended solely for the persons good or welfare. This usurpation of decision or choice making is based on the presumptions that; the public healthcare policy is right, for instance, that vaccines will solve the problem such as the eradication of polio or diseases that individuals are compelled to be vaccinated against, and that nonintervention would harm the public. A diluted version of paternalism has been applied to causative behavior such as smoking and other lifestyle changes. According to al Amin et al (n.d.), vaccination of preteens with the Human Papilloma Virus vaccine to guard against reinfections that later cause cervical cancer was enabled by a law enabling the minors to give consent to vaccination in California. Closely related to paternalism, the utilitarian theory provides that any public health action resulting in the greatest good for the greatest number is the most reasonable cause of action (Buchanan, 2008). The utilitarian approach is commonly criticized as use of any means to achieve the public health goals. Example of this approach has been media campaigns such as drug advertisements communicating no meaningful information, but intended to shock the targeted populations towards certain directions. This theory emphasizes the needed result more

The Negative Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol Essay Example for Free

The Negative Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol Essay In recent years the consumption of energy drinks combined with alcohol has become popular for young adults in North America. Energy drinks are caffeinated beverages that intend to provide a burst of energy and/or enhance alertness. The principle active ingredients in energy drinks are caffeine, high doses of sugar (or a sugar substitute), they generally include B vitamins, an amino acid, and plant/herbal extracts. Alcohol is a highly addictive and most commonly abused drug in North America that can impair vision, speech, memory, concentration, and reaction times along with other things. These energy drinks being a stimulant combined with alcohol being a depressant, can make a deadly cocktail for many reasons. The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks is a common drinking behavior on college campuses. Here are some premixed alcohol and energy drink products that are commonly consumed on campuses such as; Sparks, Rockstar 21, Tilt and Four Loko. Four Loko has five times the amount of calories than an average twelve-ounce beer at 660 calories per can. Alcoholic energy drinks have a higher concentration of alcohol by volume. Most of these drinks are between 10% and 12% alcohol by volume as compared to most beers that are 3% to 4% alcohol by volume. This could be a major health factor for the consumers of this product. It also leads up to obesity and heart related problems. Students would lose focus while being intoxicated, not focusing on their school work needed to graduate. Researchers have found that college students who use alcohol mixed with energy drinks tend to consume more alcohol and consume alcohol more often than those who do not combine alcohol with energy drinks (OBrian et al. , 2008; Thombs et al. , 2010). Energy drinks combined with alcohol are not safe for consumption. Energy drink consumption combined with alcohol may reduce perception of alcohol intoxication and/or lead to increased alcohol use. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks reduced the perception of headache, dry mouth, and impairment of motor coordination compared with alcohol alone. Perhaps leaving drinkers of alcohol mixed with energy drinks believing they are less intoxicated and more able to drive. These people are at a greater risk of driving drunk. Drunk drivers are dangerous not only because their reactions are delayed and motor coordination affected, but mainly because their capacity to evaluate the risks to which they will be exposed is also affected. People need to understand that the sensation of well-being does not necessarily mean that they are unaffected by alcohol. Despite how good they may feel, they shouldnt drink and drive. Never. (Souza-Formigoni 10). It leaves people with dehydration or possibly alcohol poisoning. There are many harmful things that one could encounter while consuming this deadly cocktail such as dehydration, alcohol poisoning, drunk driving, and heart attacks. Energy drinks (stimulant) and alcohol (depressant) should never be mixed together for these unhealthy and unsafe reasons.

Jack Russel Terriers :: essays papers

Jack Russel Terriers The Jack Russel Terrier is an amazing little dog. The breed has been used for centuries; with it’s main purpose being Fox hunting. It was not discovered until recently, however, what great companions they make. There are many aspects of the breed one should take into consideration before a puppy is purchased. The aspects that will be discussed in this essay are: personality, overall appearance, and training as well. The Jack Russell Terrier is a breed which takes a lot of effort to own, but is very rewarding once a strong bond has been developed with the animal. Before choosing a puppy a potential owner should study what characteristics they want out their Terrier and also what to look for when making a decision on a puppy. The breed has a size range from 10-15 inches at the withers in the standard of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America and 12-14 inches in the American Kennel Club (AKC) standard. â€Å"It can have smooth, wiry, or broken coat. It is mostly white with black, tan, or brown markings† (Brown 35). There is also short and long legged varieties as well. There are many characteristics which make a dog â€Å"good† by the AKC and JRTCA. The dog must appear balanced and be in fit condition. Ears are moderately thick with the flap tipped forward towards the front of the skull. The chest is relatively shallow and narrow, giving an athletic appearance. The rear end provides power and propulsion, feet are cat-like with hard pads, and the high-set tail is docked to about four inches in length. Movement should be free, lively, and well-coordinated (Nicholas 42). Another important factor is the dogs bloodline, and if it is even certified. It is especially important if the potential owner cares to breed the dog that they take all these factors into consideration. It is much easier to find willing breeders when one owns an exceptional dog. One must remember though the dog’s characteristics and bloodline directly correlate to how expensive it is. Most owners, if asked, would not give up their Jack Russell for anything in the world, However, if asked in the first six months of ownership they would have given anything to get rid of it. The care and training of a Jack Russel Terrier are very important

Muted Group Theory and Walt Disney’s “The Little Mermaid”

When Walt Disney released its adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid,† it had become a box-office hit.   Yet, the movie captured the attention not just of young girls back in the late 1980s, but sociologists and anthropologists as well since the movie became a perfect example of what they had termed as the â€Å"muted group theory.†Ã‚   In this paper, the concept of the muted group theory as proposed by Cheris Kramarae will be discussed as well as supporting evidences seen in society in general and in the movie of Walt Disney’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid.† Kramarae’s Muted Group Theory According to Cheris Kramarae, language is something that was constructed by man.   The words and thoughts of women are ignored in our society.   Because of this, it is difficult for women to express their experiences as opposed to men.   Kramarae further stated that language does not serve all its speakers in an equal manner regardless of the culture because women are not as free as men to say what they want, when they want and where they want. Men have a dominant control of society and how the members of society should express themselves. As such, different terms are used to describe tasks done by both males and females even when they are doing the exact same thing.   It is also because of this that most sexual suggestions that are considered degrading are usually referring to women than to men (Anderson & Haddad, 2005; Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003; Prentice, 2005; West, 1983).   In order for women to express themselves to others, they must do so as how males express themselves (Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003; Rogers. 1978; Stets & Burke, 1996). The concept that women are a muted group was first proposed by Edwin Ardener.   Edwin Ardener was an anthropologist who discovered that a group becomes mute due to the lack of power that is experienced of a group with a low status.   Ardener called the theory the muted group theory because these muted groups are liken to black holes since they are muffled, overlooked and invisible (Griffin, 2003; Prentice, 2005; Rogers, 1978). Muted Group Theory in Today’s Society Although today’s society stresses on equality between the male and female genders, various sociologists, linguistics and anthropologists have gathered substantial evidences to show that the muted group theory proposed by both Ardener and Kramarae are still evident. In a classroom which is composed by both male and female, female students tend not to speak as confidently as their male classmates. They also speak in class less frequently than males.   In events that the females do participate in class, they do not talk as loud or as candidly as males do. This is because it is the social norm that females should be polite and restrained while the males are assertive and vocal (Anderson & Haddad, 2005; Canada & Pringle, 1995; Epstein, 1986; Walker, Ilardi, McMahon & Fennel, 1996).   Because of this norm instilled in women at an early age, women more often avoid confrontations and direct disagreements even after completing their academic degrees (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992). In the workplace, women tend to be subordinate to men.   For example, women in the military are not deployed in combat as often as men.   In the academic community, most of the academic departments and schools of knowledge recognize the contributions of men rather than women (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Walker, Ilardi, McMahon & Fennel, 1996).   Also, what many would be considered as a powerful speech when used by man will not to be as effective if the same speech is delivered by a woman (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Epstein, 1986; West, 1983). In the study of cultures and societies, research would only focus on the information given by male informants and would ignore the information received from female informants since the researchers assumes that women are less articulate than men, causing anthropologists not being able to understand women.   As a result, interest in female roles and status had slowly diminished since many researchers view males were more important in society than females (Ardener, 1985; Prentice, 2005; Rogers, 1978). Muted Group Theory in â€Å"The Little Mermaid† When Kramarae began her research on the muted group theory, she used cartoons as the basis of her study (Griffin, 2003).   For this paper, the cartoon that was selected is Walt Disney’s adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid.† This paper will be focusing on one scene in the movie which is that between Ariel, the mermaid who wanted to become a human more than anything in the world, and Ursula, the sea witch.   After an argument with her father, Ariel visits Ursula in her lair under the impression that she could be able to give her the very thing her heart desired: to become human and to be with the human prince Eric. Ursula told her that she is will be able to make her into a human being for three days.   In order for her to be able to remain human permanently, she would have to be kissed by the prince as a symbol of his true love for her.   If she fails, she would go back to being a mermaid.   As payment for this, Ursula demanded Ariel her voice (Clements & Musker, 1989). As previously mentioned, one of the premise of Kramarae on the muted group theory, in order for a woman to be able to express herself, she must do so the way how men express themselves (Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003; Rogers. 1978).   This is clearly explained by the character of Ursula: The men up there don't like a lot of blabber.   They think a girl who gossips is a bore.   Yes, on land it’s much preferred for ladies not to say a word and after all, dear, what is idle prattle for?   Come on, they're not all that impressed with conversation.   True gentlemen avoid it when they can. But they dote and swoon and fawn on a lady who’s withdrawn. It’s she who holds her tongue who gets her man (Menken & Ashman, 1989). Here, Ursula had advised Ariel what a human woman should be like.   Since Ariel mentioned that she would want to remain human and the only way to get that is for the prince to fall in love with her, the only way for her to do so is to act like a proper human woman would. Indeed, the accepted norms in human societies are based on the activities, values and expressions of males.   Hence, the means of how women interact with others are considered to be improper (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Stets & Burke, 1996). In the movie, Ariel has been known for her beautiful singing voice.   This made Ariel more superior than anyone in the kingdom.   It was because of her voice that she is not only the favorite of King Triton among his daughters, but also the reason why in spite of her age, she is looked up upon by her siblings (Clements & Musker, 1989).   Ariel’s ability to sing can be likened to the way how a woman would express herself in society. The ability for a woman to express herself as a woman would give her a separate identity and thus give her a superiority that may rival that of a man, or even surpass it.   Furthermore, her ability to save Eric’s life during the storm shows how a woman could be able to surpass the capabilities of a man given the opportunity. By stripping her of her ability to sing, Ariel is also stripped of the very thing that would set her apart from everyone else, her ability to sing.   This is the very thing reason why women are considered a muted group by many sociologists and anthropologists.   The act of a man listening to a woman would mean that the man would be denouncing their dominant position in society because men view discussions initiated by women as not to have any importance (Dras, 1986; Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003). For this reason, cultural establishment had prejudged and excluded art, poetry, plays and films created by women (Ardener, 1985; Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003) since it is a way for women to express themselves through various forms.   Also, since she had been used to swimming, being given legs made her vulnerable since she is not able to do things on her own.   As such, the roles of Eric and Ariel have become reverse with Ariel becoming dependent to Eric to teach her how to walk, showing his dominance over her. Conclusion Initially, the muted group theory would appear to be sexist in nature since it puts females at a disadvantage in society.   Given the premises proposed by both Ardener and Kramarae, however, the muted group theory sheds light on the reason why society even today still refers to women as the â€Å"inferior sex.†   The muted group theory had proposed that the gender difference experienced in society particularly in how women express themselves lies on the fact that society is a patriarchal society, meaning that society’s norms and values are based on the norms and values of the male gender.   Movies such as Walt Disney’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid† have shown that in spite of the ability of the female gender to express itself, society prohibits them to do so. References Anderson, D. M. & Haddad, C. J. (March 2005). Gender, voice, and learning in online course environment. Journal of asynchronous learning networks, 9(1), 3-14. Ardener, S. (October 1985). The social anthropology of women and feminist anthropology. Anthropology today, 1(5), 24-26. Canada, K & Pringle, R. (July 1995). The role of gender in college classroom interactions: a social context approach. Sociology of education, 68(3), 161-186. Clements, R. & Musker, J. (Directors). (1989). Walt Disney's the little mermaid [Motion picture]. United States: Walt Disney Pictures. Drass, K. A. (December 1986). The effect of gender identity on conversation. Social psychology quarterly, 49(4), 294-301. Eckert, P. & McConnell-Ginet, S. (1992). Think practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice. Annual review of anthropology, 21, 461-490. Epstein, C. F. (Winter 1986). Symbolic segregation: similarities and differences in the language and non-verbal communication of women and men. Sociological forum, 1(1), 27-49. Griffin, E. (2003). A first look at communication theory, 5th Ed.   New York: McGraw-Hill. Menken, A. & Ashman, H. (1989). Poor Unfortunate Souls [Recorded by Pat Carroll]. On Walt Disney's the little mermaid: an original walt disney records soundtrack. California: Walt Disney Records. Prentice, C. (2005).   Third party candidates in political debates: muted groups struggling to express themselves. Speaker and gavel, 42, 1-12. Rogers, S. C. (January 1978). Woman's place: a critical review of anthropological theory. Comparative studies in society and history, 20(1), 123-162. Stets, J. E. & Burke, P. J. (September 1996). Gender, control, and interaction. Social psychology quarterly, 59(3), 193-220. Walker, H. A., Ilardi, B. C., McMahon, A. M. & Fennell, M. L. (September 1996). Gender, Interaction and Leadership. Social psychology

Delivering Lily Essay

The author wrote his story in first person perspective. He started the story by his wonders how delivering a baby might be like. Phillip Lopate was definitely nervous but he knew he would try his best to support his wife. Throughout the story it stays imagery. You can almost feel their emotions and see the scenery. He also uses some dialogue going back and forth with his wife. It first takes place at their home waiting to make sure Cheryl’s contractions were occurring regularly. It almost seemed Phillip was more nervous than Cheryl. Once they arrived to the hospital they got assigned an empty room, â€Å"it was not cozy, it was not charming, it was not tiny, it was not big, it was not even decrepit, it had nothing for the eye to fasten on.† (Lopate 423) Cheryl and Phillip were both disappointed by the room. There were couple words I did have to look up for the meaning, but overall the sentence structures were simple to read. His description made it easy to feel you were actually in part of the story. Also when he described the nurses, it almost felt you knew their personality and what they look like. Phillip goes back and forth by what was happening at that time and his thoughts, I could almost feel I was in his perspective. I cannot relate to this story, but I can understand some situation he mentioned from watching movies and reading books. Many emotions were felt through this special time of Philip Lopate: anxious, nervous, impatient, joyous, blissful, cheerful, loving, and relieved the most noticeable. Phillip is a proud man, proud of his wife and proud of becoming Lily’s father. He wants to record every part of Lily’s life and is planning to write longer on her first year. On the last page, he mentions he will do anything to keep his writing piece alive. He definitely did succeed keeping Delivering Lily alive. Even though I was not able to relate, I am sure everyone who has delivered their baby could have related to this writing piece, but I did feel like I was there with him knowing every detail he was thinking. This story had used all the punctuation structures mentioned in Hieroglyphics from our homework assignment. It was interesting seeing other ways of using a semicolon and the dashes. Overall, the story was full of anxious and loving events on delivering Lily. Both happy parents are ready for the ir journey with their loving child Lily.

Craniotomy of Tumors Essay Example

Craniotomy of Tumors Essay Example Craniotomy of Tumors Paper Craniotomy of Tumors Paper Surgeries pertaining to the brain for tumor removal are commonly done thru craniotomy. Craniotomy is also performed to examine the brain, remove a blood clot, manage hemorrhage, do biopsy, or to ease pressure inside the skull. The same with other surgeries, the patient will undergo diagnostic procedures prior to craniotomy like: computed tomography scans (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. This is done to determine the underlying problem that required the craniotomy as well as to get a better view at the brain’s structure. Angiography of the cerebrum may also be utilized to study the blood supply to the tumor, aneurysm, or other brain lesion. In the case of a tumor in the occipital lobe, the skull will be opened by making a curving incision at the nape of the neck around the occipital lobe. This paper discusses the procedure for a 40-year old, quadriplegic and HIV positive patient. Preparation of the Patient The patient is usually given drugs to ease anxiety. Other medications to reduce the risk of swelling, seizures and infection after the operation may be administered as well. Before and during the surgery, fluids will be restricted; a diuretic may be given if the patient is prone to retaining fluids. Intake of food or drink will not be permitted past midnight the night before surgery. The patient is admitted the morning of the procedure. Catheter will be inserted prior to patient going to the operating room. Since the patient is HIV positive, it is best that the patient’s schedule of operation/surgery will be the latest surgery for the day. Double gloving among the operating room staffs and surgeons should be imperative. Extra care in handling blood and body fluids should be maintained. Being quadriplegic, the patient will then be positioned in a modified fowler’s position HOB elevated 15-20? , patient on his lateral side. During the Procedure General anesthesia is given while the patient lies on the operating table. The head is positioned in a 3-pin skull fixation device once the patient is asleep. The device, which is attached to the table, holds the patient’s head in position during the procedure. A lumbar drain is inserted in the patient’s lower back to help remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that allows the brain to relax during surgery. Additional support may be placed due to the patient’s quadriplegic condition. A skin incision behind the hairline is made after the patient’s scalp has been prepped with an antiseptic. The surgeon makes the incision as far as the thin membrane covering the skull. Many small arteries have to be sealed by surgeon since the scalp is well supplied with blood. The skin flap is then folded back to expose the bone. A circle of holes is made in the skull with a hand drill or a craniotome. A fine wire saw is inserted through the holes by the surgeon to cut the outline of a bone flap to expose the brain. The cut bone flap is taken off exposing the brain protective covering called the dura (Mayfield clinic, 2009). The bone flap is saved until it is replaced at the end of the procedure. Surgery of the underlying cause then commences. The surgeon opens the dura using surgical scissors and exposes the brain. Retractors are used to gently expose a passage to the section needing surgery (restoration or removal). Various very small instruments and tools are used by the surgeon due to the difficulty of moving tissues aside to perform the repair or removal procedure. This is due to the compact structure of the brain. Evoked potential monitoring is oftentimes used to preserve the nerve functions and to ensure that it will not be additionally damaged in the surgery. This is accomplished by stimulating specific cranial nerves while monitoring brain responses. The retractors holding the brain are taken off after the surgery for the underlying cause has been completed and the dura is closed with stitches. The bone flap is put back in its original position and secured with titanium plates and screws. The plates and screws will remain permanently to support the area. In some instances, a drain is placed under the skin for a couple of days to take away blood or fluid from the repaired area. Finally, the surgeon stitches back the membrane, muscle and skin of the scalp together. A soft adhesive or turban-like dressing is placed over the incision. Post Surgery The patient is taken to the recovery room after surgery and vital signs are monitored as the patient regains consciousness (from anesthesia). Oxygen supply remains until the patient fully recovers. Since the patient is HIV positive, constant monitoring is required since the patient is immuno-compromised. Painkillers and drugs are given after the operation to manage any swelling and seizures that may arise are after the operation. Codeine may be given to relieve the headache and nausea that may occur as a result of stretching or irritation of the nerves of the scalp that happens during the craniotomy. An anticonvulsant medication to prevent seizure may also be given. Patient hospital discharge varies from only 2 days to 2 weeks depending on the surgery and complications. In this case, a high probability of complication might develop due to the patient being HIV positive. The bandage on the skull is changed regularly. Stitches or staples are removed 7–10 days after surgery in the doctor’s office. The patient should avoid getting the scalp wet until all the sutures have been removed. A clean cap or scarf can be worn until the hair grows back Reference Mayfield clinic. (2009, January). Craniotomy. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from mayfieldclinic. com/PE-Craniotomy. htm The surgeon marks with a felt tip pen a large square flap on the scalp that covers the surgical area. Following this mark, the surgeon makes an incision into the skin as far as the thin membrane covering the skull bone. Because the scalp is well supplied with blood, the surgeon will have to seal many small arteries. The surgeon then folds back a skin flap to expose the bone. Using a high speed hand drill or an automatic craniotome, the surgeon makes a circle of holes in the skull, and pushes a soft metal guide under the bone from one hole to the next. A fine wire saw is then moved along the guide channel under the bone between adjacent holes. The surgeon saws through the bone until the bone flap can be removed to expose the brain. After the surgery for the underlying cause is completed, the piece of skull is replaced and

Canada Boundary

Fifty-four Forty or Fight- The U.S./Canada Boundary In 1818, the United States and the United Kingdom, which controlled British Canada, established a joint claim over the Oregon Territory, the region west of the Rocky Mountains and between 42 degrees north and 54 degrees 40 minutes north (the southern boundary of Russias Alaska territory). The territory included what now is Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as land up the western coast of Canada. Joint control of the region worked for more than  a decade and a half, but ultimately the parties set out to divide Oregon. Americans there outnumbered the Brits in the 1830s, and in the 1840s, thousands more Americans headed there over the famed Oregon Trail with their Conestoga wagons. Belief in the United States Manifest Destiny A big issue of the day was Manifest Destiny or the belief that it was Gods will that Americans would control the North American continent from coast to coast, from sea to shining sea. The Louisiana Purchase had just about doubled the size of the United States in 1803, and now the government was looking at Mexico-controlled Texas, the Oregon Territory, and California. Manifest Destiny received its name in a newspaper editorial in 1845, though the philosophy had been very much in motion throughout the 19th century. The 1844 Democratic presidential candidate, James K. Polk, became a big promoter of Manifest Destiny as he ran on a platform of taking control over the entire Oregon Territory, as well as Texas and California. He used the famous campaign slogan Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!- named after the line of latitude serving as the territorys northern boundary. Polks plan was to claim the entire region and go to war over it with the British. The United States had  fought them twice before in relatively recent memory. Polk declared that the joint occupation with the British would end in one year.   In a surprise upset, Polk won the election with an electoral vote of 170 vs. 105 for Henry Clay. The popular vote was Polk, 1,337,243, to Clays 1,299,068. Americans Stream Into the Oregon Territory By 1846, the Americans in the territory outnumbered the British by  a ratio of 6-to1. Through negotiations with the British, the boundary between the United States and British Canada was established at 49 degrees north with the Treaty of Oregon in 1846. The exception to the 49th parallel boundary is that it turns south in the channel separating Vancouver Island from the mainland and then turns south and then west through the Juan de Fuca Strait. This maritime portion of the boundary wasnt officially demarcated until 1872. The boundary established by the Oregon Treaty still exists today between the United States and  Canada. Oregon became the nations 33rd state in 1859. Aftereffects After the Mexican-American War, fought from 1846 to 1848, the United States won the territory that became Texas, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. Every new state fueled the debate about slavery and which side any new territories should be on- and how the balance of power in Congress would be affected by each new state.

World war one and US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World war one and US - Essay Example The main purpose of the war was struggling for division of the world. However, the United States wasn’t in hurry to enter the war. First of all, a conflict between the US and other countries hadn’t reached the extreme point that could lead to military actions; secondly, the majority of Americans didn’t think that interfering into European affairs (and vice versa) was a good idea. The third reason was that US army wasn’t ready for large-scale war, because it was formed on a voluntary basis and had approximately 100  000 badly trained soldiers. But in the 7th of May 1915 German submarine sank the British largest passenger liner â€Å"Luisitania†, including 128 Americans that were on board. A report about this event caused a storm of dissatisfaction in the United States. Despite multiple warnings, German repeatedly attacked American ships. President Woodrow Wilson was an advocate of nonintervention of USA into European war, but the actions of the Ger mans forced him to announce the transition to the US policy of armed neutrality (26th of February 1917), which meant a gap of diplomatic relations between the US and Germany. The further German aggression forced Wilson to enter the war (6 of April 1917) on Allies’ side, against Germany (Kennedy 46). For the first time in US history a law on conscription was passed. Losses suffered by Americans were relatively not that big (approximately 104,000 lives). For comparison, 26 million people were killed during the entire war, half of them were civilians. The war abruptly changed the balance of forces in world political arena. It provoked huge amount of revolutions: Bolsheviks came to power in Russia and formed their own government, Germany and Austria-Hungary collapsed and lost their influence. The military destruction and revolutions weakened Europe, while US entry into the war caused new rise of

Discussing posters from WWI, WWII and revolutions (Russian) Essay

Discussing posters from WWI, WWII and revolutions (Russian) - Essay Example Thus, fundementally, the presence of social problems don't always ignite a war; it's the inability of the governing body to contain these issues that ignites it. Then again, it will take more fuel for wars to actually begin and sustain itself. This is where propaganda comes in. Looking at the two major wars in history - World War I and World War II, you would find countless of various forms of propaganda urging the people to support these wars. It could take take form of a compelling speech, a passionate hymn or an intruging poster, which will essentially get the people's support or sympathy. When used right, propaganda can be a very powerful fuel that would drive the success of a war or a revolution. Of course, that would depend on which side you're looking at. In the course of history, you would find external wars between countries, and internal wars within a specific region. Different ways and styles of propaganda had been used for these battles. World War I erupted in the year 1914. Years of power struggle and policy conflicts between the world's super powers - The Triple Entente and Triple Alliance powers - led to one of the deadliest conflicts in history. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne by the Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip was the breaking point. This triggered Austro-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia and a whole series of events leading to the spread of conflict worldwide (Marshall, p 1). Looking into the history of World War I, you would find various reasons why it even began. Depending on which side you're studying, you'll find different propaganda's making the other side as the evil enemy. Countries involved in the war used propaganda to raise people's support and morale. Externally, it was also used to gain allies. The involvement of US in World War I is one example of how propaganda worked externally among countries. Initially, the US had made a bold stand to stay out of the war. However, the sleeping super power had been put under pressure by its allies. At the same time, Germany had attacked U.S. naval ships. The tipping point was when the British governement revealed to the U.S. the Zimmerman telegram, which was a proposal of Berlin to Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the U.S. All these compounding events led to the participation of America three years after the war started. During the war-torn years, various propaganda materials came out in America to reinforce the decision why the country joined the war in the first place. An independent agency, called Committee on Public Information, was established specifcially to influence public opinion regarding the US intervention in WWI. Since 'propaganda' has such a bad image for the Americans, the committee's leader, George Creel, defined their activities as "not propaganda as the Germans defined it, but propaganda in the true sense of the word, meaning the 'propagation of faith' (Crumm, 19). Under this group, America's most famous illustrators such as James Montgomery Flagg, Joseph Pennell, and Louis D. Fancer had gathered together to create some of WWI's most compelling and influential images. The most popular propaganda poster was of Uncle Sam - personification of US - which encouraged

Reseach (criminology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reseach (criminology) - Essay Example Campbell (1981) suggested that males were expected to be prosecuted, whereas females are overlooked. Pollak (1961) indicated that females’ offences were hidden and guilty offenders signified only a small fraction of female crime. Heidensohn (1985) suggests that: A qualitative research design was used in the study. The reason for not using a quantitative research design is that it involves extensive surveys and field researches, which was beyond the scope of the present study. For this paper, extensive research of the available literature on the subject was carried out. Widely representative samples of journals related to the topic were selected. Furthermore, recent data from the British Crime Survey was also used in the study. Secondary data in form of fifty journals and recent facts and figures from the British Crime Survey was used as a research method in the study. The reason for this was that the authors of the journals used in the study had already carried out extensive empirical researches on the matter and their findings could be analyzed to get a comprehensive view of the area under study. Also, the British Crime Survey provided an overall view of the number of crimes committed by men and women. The data collected for the research w as both valid and reliable as empirical research had already been carried out by the authors of the journals selected in the research. Moreover, the British Crime Survey is a reliable source of data. Once the journals had been carefully selected, a careful content analysis of the articles was carried out using the Nvivo software which is a valuable tool in interpreting unstructured qualitative data (QSR international 2010). The limitations of the research are that firstly, the British Crime Survey only provides reported crimes. This means that the there could be variance in the data if the unreported crimes were also included in

Immortal Technique: The 4th Branch

Immortal Technique: The 4th Branch This discourse analysis will focus on Immortal Techniques song called the 4th Branch published on his 2003-released CD Revolutionary Vol. 2. This paper will start by portraying the artist, focusing on his inspirations, followed by a brief description of discourse analysis and the definition of content analysis which is used to study the lyrics. Finally, this work will regard the main concepts of the power of discourse, the media and Islamophobia together, by acknowledging the link in between these terms, building a critical approach towards American actions and values. Felipe Andres Coronel is a hip-hop artist known as Immortal Technique as well as a political activist, born in Peru. After immigrating to the United States at a young age due to a civil war in his native country, he was raised in Harlem, New York (viperrecords.com). The artist describes himself as a revolutionary and socialist guerrilla, influenced by historical events and political figures such as Malcolm X, Che Guevara or TÃ ºpac Amaru (immortaltechnique.info). Mainly his raps involve critical issues such as global and local poverty, racism and religion (immortaltechnique.info). Turning down a deal by a major record label, and signing with a smaller label (Viper Records), he expressed his desire to remain in control over his music, avoiding the influence of mass production (immortaltechnique.info). Method In the recent decades, discourse analysis affected social psychology research on not solely textual analysis, but also areas such as films, speeches or policy documents. Accordingly, it introduced new methods in order to explore objectively tendencies and pattern of meanings within documents and focus on the interaction between e.g. the speaker and addressee (Antaki, et al., 2003; Stemler, 2001; Fairclough, 1992, p.3). Researchers often use computer programs known as CAQDAS (Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software) to study qualitative analysis (MacMillan and Koenig, 2004, p.181-182). These computer-based methods for qualitative data analysis, help organizing and coding the data (Fielding and Lee, 1996, p.242). This paper will use content analysis to study the artefact and is characterized as a systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding (Stemler, 2001). Weber determines category as a group of words with similar meaning or connotations (Stemler, 2001). This study is defined as any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages by Holsti (Stemler, 2001). This evolves an inductive reasoning, in contrast to deductive approaches. Due to observations and measurements, regularities are explored, followed by the proposition of a hypothesis, out of which a theory or a general conclusion can be drawn (Trochim, 2006). The procedure of this analysis allows to describe the centre of individual or groups as well as institutional or social attention (Stemler, 2001). After having coded and categorizing the words or the families of terms into groups, u nderlining topics and issue become clearly visible. If applied properly, content analysis is an influential data reduction technique due to its systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding (Stemler, 2001). Analysis of the artefact 1000 words This discourse analysis focuses on the artefact of a song-text. Quantitative and qualitative key words in text give hint to main terms of soft power, religion and American actions and values. In order to receive the most objective result, this analysis was coded independently three times and the average result is considered. Furthermore, it only regards the first and second verse as well as considering the chorus only one time. Discourse and American values, actions This analysis starts by referencing to the ideas of discourse. Twenty-three times the families of words linked to American actions and values are found. When talking about discourse, Michael Foucault plays an important role. He claims that knowledge is interconnected with power. Discourse as the production of knowledge is linked to variety degrees of power; how some voices get heard whilst others are silenced (Pinkus, 1996). It explains the change of language and its construction, linked to the social and cultural process (Fairclough, 1992, p.1, 6). It uses the principle of othering to establish self-identities, achieved by creating a language of dislike and fear in this case towards non-Americans and terrorists (Jackson, 2005, p.59-61). These binary categorizations are sufficient enough to capture the publics support against terrorists constructed as intolerable threats (Jackson, 2005, p.61, 72; Benjamin and Simon, 2003, p.385). Additionally, the U.S. are portrayed as fighters for j ustice, while the Middle East and its population is defined as uncivilized. Immortal Techniques asks: fighting for freedom and fighting terror, but whats reality?, hence, it is important to acknowledge the standpoint out of which terms are illustrated (Sakamoto, 2003, p.39). In addition, America often acted in disregard to their moral values which partly destroyed their positive image. Iraq was invaded in 2003 after the U.S. failure to receive UN approval; self-interested military actions and its ignorance towards international law portrayed Americas unilateralism (Taylor, 2010, p.313; Sakamoto, 2003, p.35). Human rights violations, we continue the saga is prove of this critique and is e.g. linked to Americas treatment of prisoner in Guantanamo Bay as well as in Abu Ghraib. Media and soft power The following section will develop this idea by looking at the notion of soft power and the use of media. The data refers twenty-two times to the families of words linked to factors such as manipulation, propaganda and representation. Due to the title and line the fourth branch of the government AKA the media, it is essential to explain the other three branches of the American government. The first branch is the executive one, responsible for implying the nations laws, while the second branch is concerned with judicial matters, followed by the third, legislative branch (USA, 2011). The artist refers to the media and its influential power as the forth branch, which eventually leads to soft power. Nye explains his as a method to reach diplomatic solutions and co-operations without coercion, emphasizing on shared political values, communication and understanding (Wagner, 2005; Ilgen, 2006, p.27). Moreover it is a sort of propaganda, capable of influencing and shaping behaviours and perc eptions of others, deriving from the attractiveness of a countrys culture, political ideals and policies (Nye, 2004, p.x; Ilgen, 2006, p.75). This form of power is contrasted to hard power, defined as the employment of threats and coercion, enforcing national interests on to other actors (Nye, 2004, p.2; Wagner 2005). Hence, the media is vital for American politics. Furthermore it plays a crucial role in constructing images and categories and helps to justify and explain American actions. It establishes an everyday and political language into the nations culture due to its role as channel between society and politics, while the average citizen, made to be, blind to the reason through media censorship and manipulation (Jackson, 2005, p.59, 66, 164). Religion and Islamophobia Nine lines are concerned with the topics of religion and difference between Western and Islamic traditions, such as a fake church called the prophet Muhammad a terrorist. This implies a critique of Christianity and refers to the notion of Islamophobia, which is defined as the mostly Western intolerance and fear of Muslims and Islamic otherness; it emphasis on its differences, defined as inferior to the West and unresponsive to change (Islamophobia Watch; Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.2). It is a form of religious discrimination based on prejudice other than race and ethnicity (Sheridan, 2006, p.317, 331). After the events of 11/9, Islam and its followers are seen as violent and threatening, supporting terrorism and military advances towards to West (Islamophobia Watch). Due to the fact that the mainstream media does not inform about the nonviolent Muslim perspectives, this hatred is hardened and alienates Muslims from other communities (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.2). Muslims appear as executioners of violence, in the name of Islam, hence Americans conclude that all Muslims act out of religious reassignment and define the religion as dangerous (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.10). Additionally anti-Muslim hostility is justified as normal. Christianity and Judaism are defined as Western religious traditions, alienating themselves from Eastern religious tradition (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.6). The way Muslim are portrayed in the West, creates tensions leading to anti-Americanism, conflicts, clashes, misunderstandings and injustices; seemingly they to do share any common interests or values (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.3, 10). After having categorized the lyrics into three main divisions, this analysis builds its theory; the artist seeks to demonstrate the power of propaganda through the media and soft power, and the ideas indoctrinate in American minds about their nations values and actions. Due to discourse, the representation of Islam in the mainstream media and through political actions, hatred against Muslims was triggered, which led to the construction of the War on Terror, as well as anti-Americanism throughout the world. American actions were justified trough lies such as Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction in order to implant fear among their citizens and gain their empathy (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2008, p.7, 8). The song ends with the artists demand to his listeners, to turn off the news and read; hence to broaden ones horizons, avoiding being influenced by certain (manipulated) ideas or deprived from the whole truth. To conclude, this work uses content analysis to study the lyrics of the artist Immortal Technique. This research method focuses on use of the dominant families of words which in this artefact are discourse, false American values and actions, soft power, media, religion and Islamophobia. In addition, this approach endeavours to find the link between them, which is the power to alter representation and language in everyday life and hence, establishes a critical view towards American society, its politics and its media.

The Connection between A Bug’s Life and The Chosen People Essay example

The Connection between A Bug’s Life and The Chosen People In the essay The Chosen People, Stewart Ewen, discusses his perspective of middle class America. Specifically, he explores the idea that the middle class is suffering from an identity crisis. According to Ewen’s theory, â€Å"the notion of personal distinction [in America] is leading to an identity crisis† of the non-upper class. (185) The source of this identity crisis is mass consumerism. As a result of the Industrial Revolution and mass production, products became cheaper and therefore more available to the non-elite classes. â€Å"Mass production was investing individuals with tools of identity, marks of personhood.† (Ewen 187) Through advertising, junk mail and style industries, the middle class is always striving for â€Å"a stylistic affinity to wealth,† finding â€Å"delight in the unreal,† and obsessed with â€Å"cheap luxury items.† (Ewen 185-6) In other words, instead of defining themselves based on who they are on the inside , the people of middle class America define themselves in terms of external image and material possessions. A Bug’s Life is an animated Disney film that tells the story of how a colony of ants fight back against and overcome the domination and oppression of the bullying grasshoppers. When looking at the movie through the lens of Ewen’s theory about identity, several connections concerning identity are found between A Bug’s Life and The Chosen People. Furthermore, by looking at identity issues in A Bug’s Life under this new light, Ewen’s theory becomes incomplete. In the Chosen People, Ewen fails to explore the positive aspects of conformity, gender in relationship to identity or the correlations between tradition and identity. Under the microscope of Ewen’s theory, A Bug’s Life changes from an everyday kid movie to a film riddled with identity issues. The first connection between A Bug’s Life and The Chosen People occurs when Ewen is explaining the rise of industrialism in the United States. He asserts that â€Å"For those laboring in many of the factories, industrial conditions systematically trampled upon their individuality and personhood† and that â€Å"artisan craft and small-scale manufacturer fell to an emerging economy of larger scale.† (187) The ants of the colony can be seen as beings who have had their â€Å"individuality and personhood† trampled because of the grasshop... ...nd less likely to change. Ewen does suggest that the trends of the middle class are becoming increasingly ingrained in the values and mindset of the middle class because of World War II and the â€Å"yuppie culture of the 1980’s.† (196) Yet, Ewen’s trends, fashions and styles that could be appropriately deemed traditions, are not explored from the perspective of tradition. Upon comparing the issues of identity crises suggested in A Bugs Life with those in Stewart Ewen’s The Chosen People, the sources and characteristics of identity crises in Ewen’s essay are found incomplete. Ewen limits his exploration of the sources and characteristics of identity crises of the middle class to consumerism and materialism as well as the obsession with image, style and fashion. By restricting his analysis to these issues, Ewen overlooks the perspectives of identity crises in relationship to tradition, the positive aspects of conformity and gender roles. Bibliography: A Bugs Life. Walt Disney and Pixar Productions. 1998. Ewen, Stewart. â€Å"The Chosen People.† Literacies. Ed. Terence Brunk, Suzanne Diamond, Priscilla Perkins and Ken Smith et al. New York:: Norton, 1997. 183-97.

Norman Rockwell and Aaron Copland: Great American Artists Essay

Illustrator Norman Rockwell along with composer and musician Aaron Copland were two well known American artists; each having an enormous impact on society with their art and music. Rockwell’s paintings and illustrations depicted the perfect and serene American way of life; a style for which scholars criticized him for. Copland was considered an outsider in many ways; he was the first American composer to give the United States and its people their own distinct musical language. Norman Rockwell and Aaron Copland each contributed a wonderfully unique and meaningful form of art and music, each are distinctly American in every sense of the word. Norman Rockwell’s The Four Freedoms Norman Rockwell was one of the most well known American artists of the twentieth century. Rockwell’s style as an illustrator and painter was used purposely to portray a happy and carefree life that was full of American nostalgia; a clean and simple country lifestyle. As a young adult his goal was to land a cover on the Saturday Evening Post for which he eventually illustrated 321 covers in over 47 years. As a proud American, Rockwell was a tremendous supporter of his country and the United States military. When World War II arrived President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a speech to congress which defined the four essential freedoms for all Americans. Inspired by President Roosevelt’s words, Rockwell decided to illustrate the speech through four paintings called The Four Freedoms (Biography Today, 2010). Norman Rockwell’s works generally touched upon the simple country life without controversy, fear, anger or ugliness involved. However with the outbreak of World War II Rockwell felt compelled to do something for his country. The Four Freedoms had both social and political effects on the war effort and brought Rockwell into a different realm from which people were used to. The Four Freedoms represented Freedom of Speech and expression throughout the world; Freedom from Fear in hoping for a reduction in armaments so that the world may live in peace; Freedom of Worship so that each person can worship their God in their own way; and Freedom from Want an economic understanding throughout the world that every nation will enjoy peace and security. Freedom of Speech is a painting that is represented by a working class man standing up to speak publicly. While Freedom from Fear portrays a couple tucking their children into bed; the father is holding a newspaper with a headline speaking of the war. Freedom of Worship portrays many different people in individual prayer; and finally the most well known of the four, Freedom from Want is a painting of an elderly woman placing a roasted turkey before her happy family. Each painting eventually made its way into the Saturday Evening Post and was accompanied by an essay written by different authors. Carlos Bulosan, a Filipino-American writer composed the essay for Freedom from Want and expressed so eloquently what he felt was the American ideal; â€Å"It is the dignity of the individual to live in a society of free men, where the spirit of understanding and belief exist; of understanding that all men are equal; that all men, whatever their color, race, religion or estate, should be given equal opportunity to serve themselves and each other according to their needs and abilities. † (Janairo, 2011). After the Saturday Evening Post published The Four Freedoms in their magazine the paintings began a tour around the United States in an effort to support the war eventually raising more than $133 million in war bonds and stamps. Stephanie Plunkett, the deputy director and chief curator of the Norman Rockwell Museum stated that Rockwell as an artist was known for giving more attention to life’s simple moments. However, with The Four Freedoms there was an opportunity for Rockwell to leave an enormous impact on Americans and their feelings for what was occurring in the world during that time. Plunkett states that the images were of great inspiration to our nation at a time when it was needed. Today The Four Freedoms continue to resonate the importance of society and the world condition, carrying the same messages that Rockwell had intended when he painted them over 70 years ago (Janairo, 2010). Aaron Copland’s Appalachian Spring Aaron Copland was probably one of the best known and well respected American composers of the twentieth century. While Copland studied composition overseas in France his desire was to make a unique American musical style; he accomplished this by incorporating traditional American music such as jazz and folk into his classical compositions. Copland set American classical music apart from all other styles and gave Americans a music to call our own. Due to his unique avant-garde style Copland was approached by American choreographer Martha Graham. Graham asked Copland to compose a ballet that would sum up the lives of people living through times of peace and struggle. This resulted in Appalachian Spring, a 14 movement work depicting a Shaker wedding and the emotions and events associated with it (Scher, 2005). Copland worked under the title of Ballet for Martha which he used throughout his creative process. However, just days before the debut performance Graham decided to change the title to Appalachian Spring simply because she â€Å"just liked the name†. In fact, Graham was inspired by this phrase from poet Hart Crane; â€Å"O Appalachian Spring! I gained the ledge; Steep, inaccessible smile that eastward bends And northward reaches in that violet wedge Of Adirondack! – wisped of azure wands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Copland complied with the name, as well as with numerous plot revisions by Graham with no change to the music (Scher 2005). Following several performances audience members commented to Copland that they could imagine the Appalachians and feel spring, neither of which he had initially envisioned when composing the score (Kennard & Saffa, 2006). Aaron Copland’s social and political belief of the Shaker peoples was evident in the context of Appalachian Spring. The Shakers as a group of people incorporated dance and music into their everyday lives, similar as to how the ballet portrays them. Appalachian Spring is an extended metaphor on peace and war. During the time that Copland was composing the piece there was much turbulence occurring within America and the world; World War II was reaching its climax, while America and Japan were on edge with one another. This is reflective as the ballet begins with an atmospheric almost ethereal sound, like little wisps of fog early in the morning. Eventually it clears up and things give way to a wedding, which most of the ballet is compromised of. Following the wedding a demon-like creature made of fire and brimstone arrives to tell the just happily married couple that they will have to sacrifice something in order to remain happy together. When the creature departs, the couple reflects on their newfound knowledge and they live happily ever after; we are then reminded that with happiness and freedom there is a price one must pay (Kennard & Saffa, 2006). Copland and Graham were both modernists, determined to move their respective fields of art forward. They first collaborated in 1931, when Graham did a solo dance to Copland’s controversial and extremely challenging Piano Variations (written in 1930) entitled Dithyrambic. Later, the two worked together on another dance project, entitled Lamentations. Appalachian Spring is the first ballet in which the two collaborated by featuring a full ensemble, there were multiple dancers and the music was easier to listen to. The original ensemble was to be made up of 12 musicians due to the fact that the ballet was short in length and the music and dance were both simply done. However, Copland insisted on a group of 13 musicians; in later years the piece would eventually be arranged into a suite for full orchestra. The score consisted mainly of a sort of theme and variations on the old Shaker dance tune â€Å"Simple Gifts†, which arguably gives the piece its ultimate American feel. Copland scholar Howard Pollack stated that the piece Appalachian Spring made both Copland and Graham renowned artists (Scher, 2005). Norman Rockwell and Aaron Copland were both iconic American artists in their own rights. Each of these men brought a very specific â€Å"Americana† to their works touching upon the heart and soul of all Americans. Rockwell expressed through his illustrations and paintings pure and simple American nostalgia. Copland on the other hand gave Americans a musical language that we could finally call our own. He possessed an ability that allowed for the listener to paint a picture of a great America in their mind when listening to his majestic compositions. Both Norman Rockwell and Aaron Copland were wonderful artists who have left a very specific and indelible mark on American culture and society; their artistic contributions will forever be woven into the fabric of the American dream.